5 February 2026 Report

Circular Economies - Residual Waste Policy & International Learnings

WRAP's "Circular Economies" report explores how residual waste policy fits into the UK's circular economy ambition, flagging opportunities to strengthen the national residual waste policy framework.

Even in a circular 'design-make-reuse' economy, there will be residual waste, although much less than in the current linear economy. "Circular Economies" outlines the policy framework needed to minimise this residual waste and assesses the UK policy mix. It compares this mix with other policies, finding key opportunities where the UK could strengthen its policy framework.

Key findings

  • Best-practice residual waste management complements, rather than competes with, upstream circular activities such as reuse, repair, and recycling.
  • On face value, the UK has a high-class waste management system.
  • Based on all international cases reviewed, the largest opportunity for improvement in the UK remains diversion of waste from landfill.
  • Ensuring maximum value retention of residual material through EfW is an option to support the CE with the inevitable remaining residual waste.

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  • Circular Economies - Residual Waste Policy & International Findings

    PDF, 1.34 MB

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